Patients with renal insufficiency often also suffer from high blood pressure, so your doctor will work with you to keep your blood pressure under control. You may have to take medication for this.
You will also be asked to avoid certain pain medications which can place a strain on the kidneys, even over the counter remedies such as acetaminophen and ibuprofen.
Depending on the extent of kidney damage, you may have to monitor your fluid intake and output. You may be asked to limit sodium (salt) and potassium intake.
For years, many patients with renal insufficiency were put on low-protein diets, but studies to prove the effectiveness of this have been inconclusive. Most patients found the diets hard to stick to over the long term. A study of 1624 women that ran from 1989 to 2000, the results of which were published in the March 2003 issue of Annals of Internal Medicine, found that low-protein diets had little effect on patients with mild renal insufficiency.Patients with moderate insufficiency did see a decline in the progression of their disease while on the low-protein diet.
Diabetes can damage the kidneys, leading to renal insufficiency. Controlling the diabetes can help prevent further damage to the kidneys. You doctor may adjust your insulin and will instruct you on ways to control your blood sugar. Since high blood pressure can further damage the kidneys, it’s important to keep your blood pressure under control. Your doctor may prescribe medication for this.
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The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, located just below the rib cage, one on either side of the spinal column. On an average day, according to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, these vital organs process 200 quarts of blood, filtering out about two quarts of waste products and excess water. These are processed into urine and sent to the bladder and then periodically expelled during urination.
This form of renal insufficiency comes on suddenly and may be caused by infection, trauma, major surgery, drugs, including prescription, over-the-counter and recreational medications; or some type of toxin that targets the kidneys. One of the earliest signs of this type of insufficiency is a sharp decrease in or total cessation of urination. Other symptoms include fluid retention, manifested by swelling in the ankles, legs and feet; mental confusion, bloody stools, fatigue, flank pain, hand tremor, high blood pressure, loss of sensation and/or appetite; and a metallic taste in the mouth. Treatment will vary depending on the cause of the insufficiency, but in extreme cases dialysis may be required.
The early stages of chronic renal insufficiency often produce no notable symptoms, although urine tests usually will reveal abnormalities. In some cases, blood pressure may be elevated. Treatment of early-stage renal insufficiency usually is limited to dietary changes and high blood pressure medication if hypertension is present.
As chronic renal insufficiency progresses, symptoms increase. According to the Foundation for IgA Nephropathy, they are likely to include anemia, headache, bruising, fatigue, muscle weakness and cramps; mental changes, thirst, nausea and vomiting; diarrhea, itchy skin, skin color changes, sexual disinterest and dysfunction; breathing difficulties, severe fluid retention and decreased urine output. As the symptoms worsen, dialysis eventually will be required.
The most noticeable early sign of renal insufficiency in children is a failure to attain normal growth landmarks in both height and weight. Although the primary function of kidneys is to filter out waste products, they also play a role in regulating key nutrients involved in the growth process. Renal dysfunction can lead to malnutrition, slow bone growth and difficulties in processing protein. Children with renal insufficiency receive the same treatment as adults, based on the stage of the disease.
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